■彭小莲
《卡廷惨案》的永恒记忆
■彭小莲
卡廷惨案的公诸于世，终于让瓦依达有可能把它拍成电影。瓦依达的父亲就是在这次惨案中被杀死的，而他的母亲，就像影片中安杰依的母亲，一直在那里听广播，在那些被屠杀的名单中，找寻自己的丈夫。
这是一个震撼人心的屠杀，这么大的事件如何表达，决定了导演对整个事件的认识和思考。虽然前苏联一直否定这场屠杀，但在波兰，“卡廷”是让人们记住1939年9月那段屈辱历史的标志——纳粹德国和苏联先后侵入波兰，并迅速将他们的国家瓜分。根据双方秘密签订的《苏德互不侵犯条约》（其中附带了瓜分波兰与波罗地海三国的秘密条款），德国占领西部而苏联得到了东部，波兰，这个欧洲最大的国家之一，短短一个月内就在地图上完全消失。
于是“卡廷”这个名词，本身就是唤醒人们对屠杀的记忆，同时也是对前苏联政府就1939年入侵波兰所编织的许多谎言的提醒。“卡庭”这个词汇，在很长的时间里，是禁止波兰人们提到的。因为前苏联政府完全否认这场屠杀，二战中，当年的盟国英国政府，甚至赞同苏联的谎言。于是在波兰，谁要是想探究“卡庭”的真相，谁就遭到灭顶的陷害。但是，对于任何一个波兰人来说，这是难以磨灭的记忆。从这里人们看清了“斯大林主义”的真实面貌——屠杀这些波兰人，这些受过最好的教育，最具爱国精神的人。他们中很多人是预备役军人，早先供职于医生、律师、大学讲师，是波兰的知识分子精英，杀了他们，就可能长驱直入地占领波兰，再不会有人反对苏联趁虚而入的吞并和进行“苏维埃化”的计划。瓦依达是一定要完成这部影片的。
导演一上来，就将波兰的处境放在一个既视觉又真实的历史场面中——一条钢铁铸成的大桥，波兰难民正在拼命迎着镜头跑来，因为后面的纳粹德国兵杀来了，可是他们却在大桥的中央突然停了下来，因为大桥的对面又是一群人蜂拥而来，他们大叫着：“快跑，苏联人杀过来了”。一个场面，一座大桥，一个单纯的场景，就把当时波兰的处境表现到极致。然后，瓦依达又用了一组几乎可称做经典的镜头，更加强烈地体现了波兰的痛苦：在苏占区，一个苏军战士把波兰红白两色的国旗，一下撕裂开来，红色的一半插在旗杆上，高高地戳在苏联红军司令部的门口，而白色的另一半，顺手拿来当裹脚布用；在德占区，纳粹不许波兰的大学自行制定教学和考试，并索性关闭了大学，把教授们统统送进集中营。现在，不用任何语言，你就已经在为波兰的命运而挣扎。
瓦依达最厉害的是，他没有整体叙述这个事件的来龙去脉，他是用几个家庭——妻子、母亲、女儿和亲人，在那里苦苦寻找自己亲人的角度，来展现这个故事的。他把观众置于所有普通波兰人的角度，让大家去体验那恍惚不安、充满恐惧的岁月。其中表现了一个波兰将军的妻子，在丈夫被杀害之后，被德国人抓到纳粹司令部，纳粹让她看了一段拍摄粗糙的有关卡廷的谋杀的纪录片，让她知道是苏联人杀害了她的丈夫，然后让她向外界宣称：她明白了德国为什么要侵略苏联，因为要对他们惨无人道的制度进行彻底地销毁。在将军妻子的面前，纳粹的录音机在转动，周边冷酷的纳粹军官在等待，但将军的妻子竟然没有给予任何回答，她什么都没有说，僵持的气氛里充满了恐惧，但是将军的妻子就是沉默，不说话。最后，德国兵把她押出去了……二战结束以后，苏军将同样这一段纪录片在大广场上放映，画外音大声地讲解道：“这就是希特勒干下的罪行，杀害了波兰将领……”没等画外音结束，将军的妻子从观看的人群里跑出来，她使劲地拍打着放映电影的卡车，大声叫喊着：“这不是事实！”这里，再一次出现了在纳粹司令部里的恐怖气氛。
捷西——一个侥幸在那次屠杀中活下来的军官，把将军的妻子拉出了现场。捷西希望她保持沉默，如果她还想生存下去，就要服从新政府，而新政府是为苏联政府服务的。他们俩之间展开了尖锐的对话，将军的妻子蔑视捷西的叛徒姿态，捷西最后经不起自己良心的责问，开枪自杀了。直到这个时候，导演还是没有直接表现谋杀事件。直到有人听说捷西自杀以后，冒着生命危险，完成了捷西嘱托的一件事：将军人安杰依的日记偷偷地交给了他的妻子，从日记里，我们才知道了整个屠杀的过程。在影片最后的15分钟里面，导演仔细地再现着他们遭屠杀的全过程：被一个一个拉出去，手反绑着，在后脑勺上开抢，鲜血从前额喷了出来，一个都不能让他们活着。第一个拉出去的，就是将军。我们还看见安杰依身上穿着捷西的毛衣，那是在集中营的时候，捷西把母亲织的毛衣给受凉的安杰依穿上，现在安杰依代替捷西上了刑场。
正是在送往卡廷的最后时刻，在囚车里，安杰依还在记着日记（这是否有点夸张？不知道，只是那里的每一个镜头，都揪着你的心。）最后的整整15分钟，导演把你逼在摄影机前，让你无法喘息，无法平静；当推土机把泥土铲起，推向万人坑以后，我们再一次看见了安杰依的那本日记，它置放在桌子上，前面的已经翻过去了，风吹着，只有后面的白页在风中来来回回地翻动。日记本已经很旧很旧，可是那一张张白纸，依然翻动着，它告诉你一个现实——2万生命的结束！
卡廷，并不只是一起战时事件，而是一连串的谎言和对历史真相的扭曲。感谢瓦依达，让我们了解了这段历史。影片荣获2008年奥斯卡最佳外语片提名。
April 10 (Bloomberg) --
Polish President Lech Kaczynski and central bank Governor Slawomir Skrzypek were killed when their plane crashed today in heavy fog in western Russia, the Foreign Ministry said.
The 60 year-old president's wife, Maria, and several Polish officials also died in the crash, which happened as the aircraft was on approach for landing in Smolensk, according to ministry spokesman Piotr Paszkowski. There were 87 people on the passenger list and the ministry was trying to establish how many eventually boarded the Soviet-built Tupolev 154, he said. The plane was carrying 132 people, RIA Novosti reported.
Poland's central bank confirmed Skrzypek was on board, bank spokesman Maciej Antes told Bloomberg in a phone interview. Piotr Wiesiolek, a deputy governor of the central bank, will temporarily assume the duties of bank governor, Antes said.
Under Poland's constitution the duties of the president will be taken over by the speaker of the lower house of parliament, Bronislaw Komorowski.
Komorowski, who is the ruling party's candidate for president in elections due to be held later this year, and Prime Minister Donald Tusk, are both travelling to Warsaw to handle the crisis. The government of the largest of the 10 former communist nations to join the European Union will hold an emergency cabinet meeting today in the "early afternoon", spokesman Pawel Gras told TVN24 television, which also showed footage of Poles lighting candles in town squares in several cities across the country as they began to mourn the tragedy.
Fourth Attempt
The plane clipped the tree line at about 10:50 a.m. in and broke in two as the pilot attempted a fourth landing amid heavy fog at a military airport near Smolensk, Russia, Rossiya-24 said, citing officials at the scene. Newswire RIA quoted an unnamed Russian security official as saying pilot error was a factor in the accident.
Rossiya-24 TV showed live footage of rescue workers attempting to extinguish pockets of fire among the wreckage almost two hours later at the airport, about 320 kilometers (200 miles) east of Moscow.
Russian President Dmitry Medvedev dispatched Emergency Ministry Sergei Shoigu to the site of the crash and formed a special commission headed by Prime Minister Vladimir Putin to investigate the cause.
Sergei Antufiev, regional governor of Smolensk, said there were no survivors. "It clipped the tops of the trees, crashed down and broke into pieces," Antufiev told Russia-24 television news network by telephone.
The delegation was to attend a commemoration of thousands Poles and Russians killed in the spring of 1940 by Soviet forces under Josef Stalin at Katyn.
Ryszard Kaczorowski, the last Polish president in exile during World War II, the head of the Institute of National Remembrance Janusz Kurtyka and the Polish general chief of staff Franciszek Gagor were to be on the plane, according to a list of passengers obtained by PAP newswire.
TV grab from Russian TV channel NTV taken April 10, 2010 shows rescue workers at the site of the crash of the Poland Presidential TU-154 plane near the Smolensk airport.
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